/**
    * Copyright 2010-2014 The Kuali Foundation
    *
    * Licensed under the Educational Community License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    * You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/ecl2.php
    *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.kuali.common.util;
  
  import java.io.File;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.Reader;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.Enumeration;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.Properties;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.SortedMap;
  import java.util.TreeSet;
  
  import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
  import org.jasypt.util.text.TextEncryptor;
  import org.kuali.common.util.properties.rice.RiceLoader;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.Constants;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.GlobalPropertiesMode;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.ImmutableProperties;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.PropertiesContext;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.PropertyFormat;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.processor.AddPropertiesProcessor;
  import org.kuali.common.util.property.processor.PropertyProcessor;
  import org.slf4j.Logger;
  import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
  import org.springframework.util.PropertyPlaceholderHelper;
  
  import com.google.common.base.Optional;
  import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
  
  /**
   * Simplify handling of <code>Properties</code> especially as it relates to storing and loading. <code>Properties</code> can be loaded from any url Spring resource loading can
   * understand. When storing and loading, locations ending in <code>.xml</code> are automatically handled using <code>storeToXML()</code> and <code>loadFromXML()</code>,
   * respectively. <code>Properties</code> are always stored in sorted order with the <code>encoding</code> indicated via a comment.
   */
  public class PropertyUtils {
  
  	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PropertyUtils.class);
  
  	public static final String ADDITIONAL_LOCATIONS = "properties.additional.locations";
  	public static final String ADDITIONAL_LOCATIONS_ENCODING = ADDITIONAL_LOCATIONS + ".encoding";
  	public static final Properties EMPTY = new ImmutableProperties(new Properties());
  
  	private static final String XML_EXTENSION = ".xml";
  	private static final PropertyPlaceholderHelper HELPER = new PropertyPlaceholderHelper("${", "}", ":", false);
  	public static final String ENV_PREFIX = "env";
  	private static final String DEFAULT_ENCODING = Charset.defaultCharset().name();
  	private static final String DEFAULT_XML_ENCODING = Encodings.UTF8;
  
  	/**
  	 * If there is no value for <code>key</code> or the value is NULL or NONE, return Optional.absent(), otherwise return Optional.of(value)
  	 */
  	public static Optional<String> getOptionalString(Properties properties, String key) {
  		if (properties.getProperty(key) == null) {
  			return Optional.absent();
  		} else {
  			return Optional.of(properties.getProperty(key));
  		}
  	}
  
  	public static Optional<String> getString(Properties properties, String key, Optional<String> provided) {
  		Optional<String> value = getOptionalString(properties, key);
  		if (value.isPresent()) {
  			return value;
  		} else {
  			return provided;
  		}
  	}
  
  	/**
  	 * If the properties passed in are already immutable, just return them, otherwise, return a new ImmutableProperties object
  	 */
  	public static Properties toImmutable(Properties properties) {
  		return (properties instanceof ImmutableProperties) ? properties : new ImmutableProperties(properties);
  	}
 
 	/**
 	 * The list returned by this method is unmodifiable and contains only <code>ImmutableProperties</code>
 	 */
 	public static List<Properties> toImmutable(List<Properties> properties) {
 		List<Properties> immutables = new ArrayList<Properties>();
 		for (Properties p : properties) {
 			immutables.add(toImmutable(p));
 		}
 		return Collections.unmodifiableList(immutables);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if the value for <code>key</code> evaluates to the string <code>true</code> (ignoring case). The properties passed in along with the system and environment
 	 * variables are all inspected with the value for system or environment variables "winning" over the value from the properties passed in.
 	 */
 	public static boolean getGlobalBoolean(String key, Properties properties) {
 		String defaultValue = properties.getProperty(key);
 		String value = getGlobalProperty(key, defaultValue);
 		return Boolean.parseBoolean(value);
 	}
 
 	public static boolean getBoolean(String key, Properties properties, boolean defaultValue) {
 		String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 		if (value == null) {
 			return defaultValue;
 		} else {
 			return Boolean.parseBoolean(value);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if both contain an identical set of string keys and values, or both are <code>null</code>, false otherwise.
 	 */
 	public static boolean equals(Properties one, Properties two) {
 
 		// Return true if they are the same object
 		if (one == two) {
 			return true;
 		}
 
 		// Return true if they are both null
 		if (one == null && two == null) {
 			return true;
 		}
 
 		// If we get here, both are not null (but one or the other might be)
 
 		// Return false if one is null but not the other
 		if (one == null || two == null) {
 			return false;
 		}
 
 		// If we get here, neither one is null
 
 		// Extract the string property keys
 		List<String> keys1 = getSortedKeys(one);
 		List<String> keys2 = getSortedKeys(two);
 
 		// If the sizes are different, return false
 		if (keys1.size() != keys2.size()) {
 			return false;
 		}
 
 		// If we get here, they have the same number of string property keys
 
 		// The sizes are the same, just pick one
 		int size = keys1.size();
 
 		// Iterate through the keys comparing both the keys and values for equality
 		for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
 
 			// Extract the keys
 			String key1 = keys1.get(i);
 			String key2 = keys2.get(i);
 
 			// Compare the keys for equality (this works because the keys are in sorted order)
 			if (!StringUtils.equals(key1, key2)) {
 				return false;
 			}
 
 			// Extract the values
 			String val1 = one.getProperty(key1);
 			String val2 = two.getProperty(key2);
 
 			// Compare the values for equality
 			if (!StringUtils.equals(val1, val2)) {
 				return false;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// If we get here we know 3 things:
 
 		// 1 - Both have the exact same number of string based keys/values
 		// 2 - Both have an identical set of string based keys
 		// 3 - Both have the exact same string value for each string key
 
 		// This means they are equal, return true
 		return true;
 
 	}
 
 	public static String getProperty(Properties properties, String key, String defaultValue) {
 		String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(value)) {
 			return defaultValue;
 		} else {
 			return value;
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static boolean isEmpty(Properties properties) {
 		return properties == null || properties.size() == 0;
 	}
 
 	public static String getRiceXML(Properties properties) {
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 		sb.append("<config>\n");
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			// Convert to CDATA if the value contains characters that would blow up an XML parser
 			if (StringUtils.contains(value, "<") || StringUtils.contains(value, "&")) {
 				value = Str.cdata(value);
 			}
 			sb.append("  <param name=" + Str.quote(key) + ">");
 			sb.append(value);
 			sb.append("</param>\n");
 		}
 		sb.append("</config>\n");
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
 
 	public static String getRequiredResolvedProperty(Properties properties, String key) {
 		return getRequiredResolvedProperty(properties, key, null);
 	}
 
 	public static String getRequiredResolvedProperty(Properties properties, String key, String defaultValue) {
 		String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 		value = StringUtils.isBlank(value) ? defaultValue : value;
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(value)) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("[" + key + "] is not set");
 		} else {
 			return HELPER.replacePlaceholders(value, properties);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Process the properties passed in so they are ready for use by a Spring context.<br>
 	 * 
 	 * 1 - Override with system/environment properties<br>
 	 * 2 - Decrypt any ENC(...) values<br>
 	 * 3 - Resolve all property values throwing an exception if any are unresolvable.<br>
 	 */
 	public static void prepareContextProperties(Properties properties, String encoding) {
 
 		// Override with additional properties (if any)
 		properties.putAll(getAdditionalProperties(properties, encoding));
 
 		// Override with system/environment properties
 		properties.putAll(getGlobalProperties());
 
 		// Are we decrypting property values?
 		decrypt(properties);
 
 		// Are we resolving placeholders
 		resolve(properties);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Process the properties passed in so they are ready for use by a Spring context.<br>
 	 * 
 	 * 1 - Override with system/environment properties<br>
 	 * 2 - Decrypt any ENC(...) values<br>
 	 * 3 - Resolve all property values throwing an exception if any are unresolvable.<br>
 	 */
 	public static void prepareContextProperties(Properties properties) {
 		prepareContextProperties(properties, null);
 	}
 
 	public static void resolve(Properties properties, PropertyPlaceholderHelper helper) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String original = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String resolved = helper.replacePlaceholders(original, properties);
 			if (!StringUtils.equals(original, resolved)) {
 				logger.debug("Resolved [{}]", key);
 				properties.setProperty(key, resolved);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static void removeSystemProperty(String key) {
 		if (System.getProperty(key) != null) {
 			logger.info("Removing system property [{}]", key);
 			System.getProperties().remove(key);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static void removeSystemProperties(List<String> keys) {
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			removeSystemProperty(key);
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Deprecated
 	public static void resolve(Properties properties) {
 		// Are we resolving placeholders?
 		boolean resolve = new Boolean(getRequiredResolvedProperty(properties, "properties.resolve", "true"));
 		if (resolve) {
 			org.kuali.common.util.property.processor.ResolvePlaceholdersProcessor rpp = new org.kuali.common.util.property.processor.ResolvePlaceholdersProcessor();
 			rpp.setHelper(HELPER);
 			rpp.process(properties);
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Deprecated
 	public static void decrypt(Properties properties) {
 		// Are we decrypting property values?
 		boolean decrypt = Boolean.parseBoolean(getRequiredResolvedProperty(properties, "properties.decrypt", "false"));
 		if (decrypt) {
 			// If they asked to decrypt, a password is required
 			String password = getRequiredResolvedProperty(properties, "properties.enc.password");
 
 			// Strength is optional (defaults to BASIC)
 			String defaultStrength = org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncStrength.BASIC.name();
 			String strength = getRequiredResolvedProperty(properties, "properties.enc.strength", defaultStrength);
 			org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncStrength es = org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncStrength.valueOf(strength);
 			TextEncryptor decryptor = org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.getTextEncryptor(password, es);
 			decrypt(properties, decryptor);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static Properties getAdditionalProperties(Properties properties) {
 		return getAdditionalProperties(properties, null);
 	}
 
 	public static Properties getAdditionalProperties(Properties properties, String encoding) {
 		String csv = properties.getProperty(ADDITIONAL_LOCATIONS);
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(csv)) {
 			return new Properties();
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(encoding)) {
 			encoding = properties.getProperty(ADDITIONAL_LOCATIONS_ENCODING, DEFAULT_XML_ENCODING);
 		}
 		List<String> locations = CollectionUtils.getTrimmedListFromCSV(csv);
 		PropertiesContext context = new PropertiesContext(locations, encoding);
 		return load(context);
 	}
 
 	public static void appendToOrSetProperty(Properties properties, String key, String value) {
 		Assert.hasText(value);
 		String existingValue = properties.getProperty(key);
 		if (existingValue == null) {
 			existingValue = "";
 		}
 		String newValue = existingValue + value;
 		properties.setProperty(key, newValue);
 	}
 
 	@Deprecated
 	public static Properties load(List<org.kuali.common.util.property.ProjectProperties> pps) {
 
 		// Create some storage for the Properties object we will be returning
 		Properties properties = new Properties();
 
 		// Cycle through the list of project properties, loading them as we go
 		for (org.kuali.common.util.property.ProjectProperties pp : pps) {
 
 			logger.debug("oracle.dba.url.1={}", properties.getProperty("oracle.dba.url"));
 
 			// Extract the properties context object
 			PropertiesContext ctx = pp.getPropertiesContext();
 
 			// Retain the original properties object from the context
 			Properties original = PropertyUtils.duplicate(PropertyUtils.toEmpty(ctx.getProperties()));
 
 			// Override any existing property values with properties stored directly on the context
 			Properties combined = PropertyUtils.combine(properties, ctx.getProperties());
 
 			// Store the combined properties on the context itself
 			ctx.setProperties(combined);
 
 			// Load properties as dictated by the context
 			Properties loaded = load(ctx);
 
 			logger.debug("oracle.dba.url.2={}", loaded.getProperty("oracle.dba.url"));
 
 			// Override any existing property values with those we just loaded
 			properties.putAll(loaded);
 
 			// Override any existing property values with the properties that were stored directly on the context
 			properties.putAll(original);
 
 		}
 
 		// Return the property values we now have
 		return properties;
 	}
 
 	public static Properties load(PropertiesContext context) {
 		// If there are no locations specified, add the properties supplied directly on the context (if there are any)
 		if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(context.getLocations())) {
 			return PropertyUtils.toEmpty(context.getProperties());
 		}
 
 		// Make sure we are configured correctly
 		Assert.notNull(context.getHelper(), "helper is null");
 		Assert.notNull(context.getLocations(), "locations are null");
 		Assert.notNull(context.getEncoding(), "encoding is null");
 		Assert.notNull(context.getMissingLocationsMode(), "missingLocationsMode is null");
 
 		// Get system/environment properties
 		Properties global = PropertyUtils.getGlobalProperties();
 
 		// Convert null to an empty properties object (if necessary)
 		context.setProperties(PropertyUtils.toEmpty(context.getProperties()));
 
 		// Create new storage for the properties we are loading
 		Properties result = new Properties();
 
 		// Add in any properties stored directly on the context itself (these get overridden by properties loaded elsewhere)
 		result.putAll(context.getProperties());
 
 		// Cycle through the locations, loading and storing properties as we go
 		for (String location : context.getLocations()) {
 
 			// Get a combined Properties object capable of resolving any placeholders that exist in the property location strings
 			Properties resolverProperties = PropertyUtils.combine(context.getProperties(), result, global);
 
 			// Make sure we have a fully resolved location to load Properties from
 			String resolvedLocation = context.getHelper().replacePlaceholders(location, resolverProperties);
 
 			// If the location exists, load properties from it
 			if (LocationUtils.exists(resolvedLocation)) {
 
 				// Load this set of Properties
 				Properties properties = PropertyUtils.load(resolvedLocation, context.getEncoding());
 
 				// Add these properties to the result. This follows the traditional "last one in wins" strategy
 				result.putAll(properties);
 			} else {
 
 				// Handle missing locations (might be fine, may need to emit a logging statement, may need to error out)
 				ModeUtils.validate(context.getMissingLocationsMode(), "Non-existent location [" + resolvedLocation + "]");
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Return the properties we loaded
 		return result;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decrypt any encrypted property values. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...), like:
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static void decrypt(Properties properties, TextEncryptor encryptor) {
 		decrypt(properties, encryptor, null, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object (never null) containing only those properties whose values are encrypted. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...), like:
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static Properties getEncryptedProperties(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> keys = getEncryptedKeys(properties);
 		Properties encrypted = new Properties();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			encrypted.setProperty(key, value);
 		}
 		return encrypted;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a list containing only those keys whose values are encrypted. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...), like:
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static List<String> getEncryptedKeys(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> all = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		List<String> encrypted = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (String key : all) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			if (org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.isEncrypted(value)) {
 				encrypted.add(key);
 			}
 		}
 		return encrypted;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Decrypt any encrypted property values matching the <code>includes</code>, <code>excludes</code> patterns. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...).
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static void decrypt(Properties properties, TextEncryptor encryptor, List<String> includes, List<String> excludes) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties, includes, excludes);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			if (org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.isEncrypted(value)) {
 				String decryptedValue = decryptPropertyValue(encryptor, value);
 				properties.setProperty(key, decryptedValue);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if the value starts with <code>ENC(</code> and ends with <code>)</code>, false otherwise.
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated Use EncUtils.isEncrypted(value) instead
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static boolean isEncryptedPropertyValue(String value) {
 		return org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.isEncrypted(value);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * <p>
 	 * A trivial way to conceal property values. Can be reversed using <code>reveal()</code>. Do <b>NOT</b> use this method in an attempt to obscure sensitive data. The algorithm
 	 * is completely trivial and exceedingly simple to reverse engineer. Not to mention, the <code>reveal()</code> method can reproduce the original string without requiring any
 	 * secret knowledge.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * The use case here is to help prevent someone with otherwise mostly good intentions from altering a piece of information in a way they should not. This is <b>NOT</b> intended
 	 * to defeat any serious attempt at discovering the original text.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * Think a hungry sales or marketing rep who stumbles across a config file with the entry <code>vending.machine.refill.day=wed</code> in it and tries to change that to
 	 * <code>mon</code> in order to beat a case of the munchies. :)
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * <p>
 	 * If the entry says <code>vending.machine.refill.day=cnc--jrq</code> instead of <code>vending.machine.refill.day=wed</code> they are far more likely to ask around before they
 	 * change it <b>OR</b> just give up and head out to lunch instead.
 	 * </p>
 	 * 
 	 * @see reveal
 	 */
 	public static void conceal(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String concealed = Str.conceal(value);
 			properties.setProperty(key, concealed);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Reveal property values that were concealed by the <code>conceal</code> method
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * foo=cnc--one.onm -> foo=bar.baz
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static void reveal(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String revealed = Str.reveal(value);
 			properties.setProperty(key, revealed);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encrypt all of the property values. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...).
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static void encrypt(Properties properties, TextEncryptor encryptor) {
 		encrypt(properties, encryptor, null, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Encrypt properties as dictated by <code>includes</code> and <code>excludes</code>. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...).
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static void encrypt(Properties properties, TextEncryptor encryptor, List<String> includes, List<String> excludes) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties, includes, excludes);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String originalValue = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String encryptedValue = encryptPropertyValue(encryptor, originalValue);
 			properties.setProperty(key, encryptedValue);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the decrypted version of the property value. Encrypted values are surrounded by ENC(...).
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static String decryptPropertyValue(TextEncryptor encryptor, String value) {
 		String unwrapped = unwrapEncryptedValue(value);
 
 		// Return the decrypted value
 		return encryptor.decrypt(unwrapped);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Remove the leading <code>ENC(</code> prefix and the trailing <code>)</code> from the encrypted value passed in.
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * ENC(DGA$S24FaIO) -> DGA$S24FaIO
 	 * </pre>
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated Use EncUtils.unwrap(value) instead
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static String unwrapEncryptedValue(String encryptedValue) {
 		return org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.unwrap(encryptedValue);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the encrypted version of the property value. A value is considered "encrypted" when it appears surrounded by ENC(...).
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * my.value = ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static String encryptPropertyValue(TextEncryptor encryptor, String value) {
 		String encryptedValue = encryptor.encrypt(value);
 		return wrapEncryptedPropertyValue(encryptedValue);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the value enclosed with ENC()
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * DGA$S24FaIO -> ENC(DGA$S24FaIO)
 	 * </pre>
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated Use EncUtils.wrap(value) instead
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static String wrapEncryptedPropertyValue(String encryptedValue) {
 		return org.kuali.common.util.enc.EncUtils.wrap(encryptedValue);
 	}
 
 	public static void overrideWithGlobalValues(Properties properties, GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		List<String> keys = PropertyUtils.getSortedKeys(properties);
 		Properties global = PropertyUtils.getProperties(mode);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String globalValue = global.getProperty(key);
 			if (!StringUtils.isBlank(globalValue)) {
 				properties.setProperty(key, globalValue);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties[] toArray(List<Properties> properties) {
 		return properties.toArray(new Properties[properties.size()]);
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties combine(Properties properties, List<Properties> list) {
 		List<Properties> newList = new ArrayList<Properties>(CollectionUtils.toEmptyList(list));
 		newList.add(0, toEmpty(properties));
 		return combine(newList);
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties combine(List<Properties> properties) {
 		Properties combined = new Properties();
 		for (Properties p : properties) {
 			combined.putAll(toEmpty(p));
 		}
 		return combined;
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties combine(Properties... properties) {
 		return combine(Arrays.asList(properties));
 	}
 
 	public static final void process(Properties properties, PropertyProcessor processor) {
 		process(properties, Collections.singletonList(processor));
 	}
 
 	public static final void process(Properties properties, List<PropertyProcessor> processors) {
 		executeProcessors(properties, processors);
 	}
 
 	public static final void executeProcessors(Properties properties, List<PropertyProcessor> processors) {
 		for (PropertyProcessor processor : CollectionUtils.toEmptyList(processors)) {
 			processor.process(properties);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties toEmpty(Properties properties) {
 		return properties == null ? new Properties() : properties;
 	}
 
 	public static final boolean isSingleUnresolvedPlaceholder(String string) {
 		return isSingleUnresolvedPlaceholder(string, Constants.DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX, Constants.DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX);
 	}
 
 	public static final boolean isSingleUnresolvedPlaceholder(String string, String prefix, String suffix) {
 		int prefixMatches = StringUtils.countMatches(string, prefix);
 		int suffixMatches = StringUtils.countMatches(string, suffix);
 		boolean startsWith = StringUtils.startsWith(string, prefix);
 		boolean endsWith = StringUtils.endsWith(string, suffix);
 		return prefixMatches == 1 && suffixMatches == 1 && startsWith && endsWith;
 	}
 
 	public static final boolean containsUnresolvedPlaceholder(String string) {
 		return containsUnresolvedPlaceholder(string, Constants.DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX, Constants.DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX);
 	}
 
 	public static final boolean containsUnresolvedPlaceholder(String string, String prefix, String suffix) {
 		int beginIndex = StringUtils.indexOf(string, prefix);
 		if (beginIndex == -1) {
 			return false;
 		}
 		return StringUtils.indexOf(string, suffix) != -1;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object containing only those properties where the resolved value is different from the original value. Using global properties to
 	 * perform property resolution as indicated by <code>Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE</code>
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getResolvedProperties(Properties properties) {
 		return getResolvedProperties(properties, Constants.DEFAULT_PROPERTY_PLACEHOLDER_HELPER, Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object containing only those properties where the resolved value is different from the original value. Using global properties to
 	 * perform property resolution as indicated by <code>globalPropertiesMode</code>
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getResolvedProperties(Properties properties, GlobalPropertiesMode globalPropertiesMode) {
 		return getResolvedProperties(properties, Constants.DEFAULT_PROPERTY_PLACEHOLDER_HELPER, globalPropertiesMode);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object containing only those properties where the resolved value is different from the original value. Using global properties to
 	 * perform property resolution as indicated by <code>Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE</code>
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getResolvedProperties(Properties properties, PropertyPlaceholderHelper helper) {
 		return getResolvedProperties(properties, helper, Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object containing only those properties where the resolved value is different from the original value. Using global properties to
 	 * perform property resolution as indicated by <code>globalPropertiesMode</code>
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getResolvedProperties(Properties properties, PropertyPlaceholderHelper helper, GlobalPropertiesMode globalPropertiesMode) {
 		Properties global = getProperties(properties, globalPropertiesMode);
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		Properties newProperties = new Properties();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String originalValue = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String resolvedValue = helper.replacePlaceholders(originalValue, global);
 			if (!resolvedValue.equals(originalValue)) {
 				logger.debug("Resolved property '" + key + "' [{}] -> [{}]", Str.flatten(originalValue), Str.flatten(resolvedValue));
 				newProperties.setProperty(key, resolvedValue);
 			}
 		}
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the property values from <code>keys</code>
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getValues(Properties properties, List<String> keys) {
 		List<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			values.add(properties.getProperty(key));
 		}
 		return values;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a sorted <code>List</code> of keys from <code>properties</code> that end with <code>suffix</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getEndsWithKeys(Properties properties, String suffix) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		List<String> matches = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			if (StringUtils.endsWith(key, suffix)) {
 				matches.add(key);
 			}
 		}
 		return matches;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Alter the <code>properties</code> passed in to contain only the desired property values. <code>includes</code> and <code>excludes</code> are comma separated values.
 	 */
 	public static final void trim(Properties properties, String includesCSV, String excludesCSV) {
 		List<String> includes = CollectionUtils.getTrimmedListFromCSV(includesCSV);
 		List<String> excludes = CollectionUtils.getTrimmedListFromCSV(excludesCSV);
 		trim(properties, includes, excludes);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Alter the <code>properties</code> passed in to contain only the desired property values.
 	 */
 	public static final void trim(Properties properties, List<String> includes, List<String> excludes) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			if (!include(key, includes, excludes)) {
 				logger.debug("Removing [{}]", key);
 				properties.remove(key);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if <code>value</code> should be included, false otherwise.<br>
 	 * If <code>excludes</code> is not empty and matches <code>value</code> return false.<br>
 	 * If <code>value</code> has not been explicitly excluded, check the <code>includes</code> list.<br>
 	 * If <code>includes</code> is empty return true.<br>
 	 * If <code>includes</code> is not empty, return true if, and only if, <code>value</code> matches a pattern from the <code>includes</code> list.<br>
 	 * A single wildcard <code>*</code> is supported for <code>includes</code> and <code>excludes</code>.<br>
 	 */
 	public static final boolean include(String value, List<String> includes, List<String> excludes) {
 		if (isSingleWildcardMatch(value, excludes)) {
 			// No point incurring the overhead of matching an include pattern
 			return false;
 		} else {
 			// If includes is empty always return true
 			return CollectionUtils.isEmpty(includes) || isSingleWildcardMatch(value, includes);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static final boolean isSingleWildcardMatch(String s, List<String> patterns) {
 		for (String pattern : CollectionUtils.toEmptyList(patterns)) {
 			if (isSingleWildcardMatch(s, pattern)) {
 				return true;
 			}
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Match {@code value} against {@code pattern} where {@code pattern} can optionally contain a single wildcard {@code *}. If both are {@code null} return {@code true}. If one of
 	 * {@code value} or {@code pattern} is {@code null} but the other isn't, return {@code false}. Any {@code pattern} containing more than a single wildcard throws
 	 * {@code IllegalArgumentException}.
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch(null, null)          = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch(null, *)             = false
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch(*, null)             = false
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch(*, "*")              = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch("abcdef", "bcd")     = false
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch("abcdef", "*def")    = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch("abcdef", "abc*")    = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch("abcdef", "ab*ef")   = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch("abcdef", "abc*def") = true
 	 * PropertyUtils.isSingleWildcardMatch(*, "**")             = IllegalArgumentException
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static final boolean isSingleWildcardMatch(String value, String pattern) {
 		if (value == null && pattern == null) {
 			// both are null
 			return true;
 		} else if (value == null || pattern == null) {
 			// One is null, but not the other
 			return false;
 		} else if (pattern.equals(Constants.WILDCARD)) {
 			// Neither one is null and pattern is the unqualified wildcard.
 			// Value is irrelevant, always return true
 			return true;
 		} else if (StringUtils.countMatches(pattern, Constants.WILDCARD) > 1) {
 			// More than one wildcard in the pattern is not supported
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Pattern [" + pattern + "] is not supported.  Only one wildcard is allowed in the pattern");
 		} else if (!StringUtils.contains(pattern, Constants.WILDCARD)) {
 			// Neither one is null and there is no wildcard in the pattern. They must match exactly
 			return StringUtils.equals(value, pattern);
 		} else {
 			// The pattern contains 1 (and only 1) wildcard
 			// Make sure value starts with the characters to the left of the wildcard
 			// and ends with the characters to the right of the wildcard
 			int pos = StringUtils.indexOf(pattern, Constants.WILDCARD);
 			int suffixPos = pos + Constants.WILDCARD.length();
 			boolean nullPrefix = pos == 0;
 			boolean nullSuffix = suffixPos >= pattern.length();
 			String prefix = nullPrefix ? null : StringUtils.substring(pattern, 0, pos);
 			String suffix = nullSuffix ? null : StringUtils.substring(pattern, suffixPos);
 			boolean prefixMatch = nullPrefix || StringUtils.startsWith(value, prefix);
 			boolean suffixMatch = nullSuffix || StringUtils.endsWith(value, suffix);
 			return prefixMatch && suffixMatch;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return property keys that should be included as a sorted list.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getProperties(Properties properties, String include, String exclude) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties, include, exclude);
 		Properties newProperties = new Properties();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			newProperties.setProperty(key, value);
 		}
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return property keys that should be included as a sorted list.
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getSortedKeys(Properties properties, String include, String exclude) {
 		return getSortedKeys(properties, CollectionUtils.toEmptyList(include), CollectionUtils.toEmptyList(exclude));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return property keys that should be included as a sorted list.
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getSortedKeys(Properties properties, List<String> includes, List<String> excludes) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		List<String> includedKeys = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			if (include(key, includes, excludes)) {
 				includedKeys.add(key);
 			}
 		}
 		return includedKeys;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a sorted <code>List</code> of keys from <code>properties</code> that start with <code>prefix</code>
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getStartsWithKeys(Properties properties, String prefix) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		List<String> matches = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			if (StringUtils.startsWith(key, prefix)) {
 				matches.add(key);
 			}
 		}
 		return matches;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the property keys as a sorted list.
 	 */
 	public static final List<String> getSortedKeys(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> keys = new ArrayList<String>(properties.stringPropertyNames());
 		Collections.sort(keys);
 		return keys;
 	}
 
 	public static final String toString(Properties properties) {
 		List<String> keys = getSortedKeys(properties);
 		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 		for (String key : keys) {
 			String value = Str.flatten(properties.getProperty(key));
 			sb.append(key + "=" + value + "\n");
 		}
 		return sb.toString();
 	}
 
 	public static final void info(Properties properties) {
 		properties = toEmpty(properties);
 		logger.info("--- Displaying {} properties ---\n\n{}", properties.size(), toString(properties));
 	}
 
 	public static final void debug(Properties properties) {
 		properties = toEmpty(properties);
 		logger.debug("--- Displaying {} properties ---\n\n{}", properties.size(), toString(properties));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Store the properties to the indicated file using the platform default encoding.
 	 */
 	public static final void store(Properties properties, File file) {
 		store(properties, file, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Store the properties to the indicated file using the platform default encoding.
 	 */
 	public static final void storeSilently(Properties properties, File file) {
 		store(properties, file, null, null, true);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Store the properties to the indicated file using the indicated encoding.
 	 */
 	public static final void store(Properties properties, File file, String encoding) {
 		store(properties, file, encoding, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Store the properties to the indicated file using the indicated encoding with the indicated comment appearing at the top of the file.
 	 */
 	public static final void store(Properties properties, File file, String encoding, String comment) {
 		store(properties, file, encoding, comment, false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Store the properties to the indicated file using the indicated encoding with the indicated comment appearing at the top of the file.
 	 */
 	public static final void store(Properties properties, File file, String encoding, String comment, boolean silent) {
 		OutputStream out = null;
 		Writer writer = null;
 		try {
 			out = FileUtils.openOutputStream(file);
 			String path = file.getCanonicalPath();
 			boolean xml = isXml(path);
 			Properties sorted = getSortedProperties(properties);
 			comment = getComment(encoding, comment, xml);
 			if (xml) {
 				if (!silent) {
 					logger.info("Storing XML properties - [{}] encoding={}", path, StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(encoding, DEFAULT_ENCODING));
 				}
 				if (encoding == null) {
 					sorted.storeToXML(out, comment);
 				} else {
 					sorted.storeToXML(out, comment, encoding);
 				}
 			} else {
 				writer = LocationUtils.getWriter(out, encoding);
 				if (!silent) {
 					logger.info("Storing properties - [{}] encoding={}", path, StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(encoding, DEFAULT_ENCODING));
 				}
 				sorted.store(writer, comment);
 			}
 		} catch (IOException e) {
 			throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected IO error", e);
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(writer);
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Examine both system properties and environment variables to get a value for <code>key</code>. Return <code>null</code> if nothing is found.
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 *   foo.bar -> System property check for "foo.bar"
 	 *   foo.bar -> Environment check for "FOO_BAR"
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static final String getGlobalProperty(String key) {
 		return getGlobalProperty(key, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Examine both system properties and environment variables to get a value for <code>key</code>. Return <code>defaultValue</code> if nothing is found
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 *   foo.bar -> System property check for "foo.bar"
 	 *   foo.bar -> Environment check for "FOO_BAR"
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static final String getGlobalProperty(String key, String defaultValue) {
 		Assert.noNullsWithMsg("key is required", key);
 
 		// Check to see if there is a system property for this key
 		String systemValue = System.getProperty(key);
 
 		// If so, we are done
 		if (systemValue != null) {
 			return systemValue;
 		}
 
 		// Reformat the key as an environment variable key
 		String environmentVariable = convertToEnvironmentVariable(key);
 
 		// Check to see if we have a match for an environment variable
 		String environmentValue = System.getenv(environmentVariable);
 
 		if (environmentValue != null) {
 			// If so, return the value of the environment variable
 			return environmentValue;
 		} else {
 			// If not, return the default value
 			return defaultValue;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing the properties from <code>getEnvAsProperties()</code> and <code>System.getProperties()</code>. Properties from
 	 * <code>System.getProperties()</code> override properties from <code>getEnvAsProperties</code> if there are duplicates.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getGlobalProperties() {
 		return getProperties(Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing the properties passed in, plus any properties returned by <code>getEnvAsProperties()</code> and <code>System.getProperties()</code>
 	 * . Properties from <code>getEnvAsProperties()</code> override <code>properties</code> and properties from <code>System.getProperties()</code> override everything.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getGlobalProperties(Properties properties) {
 		return getProperties(properties, Constants.DEFAULT_GLOBAL_PROPERTIES_MODE);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing the properties passed in, plus any global properties as requested. If <code>mode</code> is <code>NONE</code> the new properties are
 	 * a duplicate of the properties passed in. If <code>mode</code> is <code>ENVIRONMENT</code> the new properties contain the original properties plus any properties returned by
 	 * <code>getEnvProperties()</code>. If <code>mode</code> is <code>SYSTEM</code> the new properties contain the original properties plus <code>System.getProperties()</code>. If
 	 * <code>mode</code> is <code>BOTH</code> the new properties contain the original properties plus <code>getEnvProperties()</code> and <code>System.getProperties()</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getProperties(Properties properties, GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		Properties newProperties = duplicate(properties);
 		List<PropertyProcessor> modifiers = getPropertyProcessors(mode);
 		for (PropertyProcessor modifier : modifiers) {
 			modifier.process(newProperties);
 		}
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing global properties as requested. If <code>mode</code> is <code>NONE</code> the new properties are empty. If <code>mode</code> is
 	 * <code>ENVIRONMENT</code> the new properties contain the properties returned by <code>getEnvProperties()</code>. If <code>mode</code> is <code>SYSTEM</code> the new
 	 * properties contain <code>System.getProperties()</code>. If <code>mode</code> is <code>BOTH</code> the new properties contain <code>getEnvProperties</code> plus
 	 * <code>System.getProperties()</code> with system properties overriding environment variables if the same case sensitive property key is supplied in both places.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getProperties(GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		return getProperties(new Properties(), mode);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Search global properties to find a value for <code>key</code> according to the mode passed in.
 	 */
 	public static final String getProperty(String key, GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		return getProperty(key, new Properties(), mode);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Search <code>properties</code> plus global properties to find a value for <code>key</code> according to the mode passed in. If the property is present in both, the value
 	 * from the global properties is returned.
 	 */
 	public static final String getProperty(String key, Properties properties, GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		return getProperties(properties, mode).getProperty(key);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return modifiers that add environment variables, system properties, or both, according to the mode passed in.
 	 */
 	public static final List<PropertyProcessor> getPropertyProcessors(GlobalPropertiesMode mode) {
 		List<PropertyProcessor> processors = new ArrayList<PropertyProcessor>();
 		switch (mode) {
 		case NONE:
 			return processors;
 		case ENVIRONMENT:
 			processors.add(new AddPropertiesProcessor(getEnvAsProperties()));
 			return processors;
 		case SYSTEM:
 			processors.add(new AddPropertiesProcessor(System.getProperties()));
 			return processors;
 		case BOTH:
 			processors.add(new AddPropertiesProcessor(getEnvAsProperties()));
 			processors.add(new AddPropertiesProcessor(System.getProperties()));
 			return processors;
 		default:
 			throw new IllegalStateException(mode + " is unknown");
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Convert the <code>Map</code> to a <code>Properties</code> object.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties convert(Map<String, String> map) {
 		return convertToProperties(map);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Convert the <code>Map</code> to a <code>Properties</code> object.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties convertToProperties(Map<String, String> map) {
 		Properties props = new Properties();
 		for (String key : map.keySet()) {
 			props.setProperty(key, map.get(key));
 		}
 		return props;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Convert the <code>Properties</code> to a <code>Map</code> object.
 	 */
 	public static Map<String, String> convert(Properties properties) {
 		return newHashMap(properties);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Convert the {@code Properties} to a {@code Map<String,String>} object.
 	 */
 	public static Map<String, String> newHashMap(Properties properties) {
 		Map<String, String> map = Maps.newHashMap();
 		for (String key : properties.stringPropertyNames()) {
 			map.put(key, properties.getProperty(key));
 		}
 		return map;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Convert the {@code Properties} to a {@code Map<String,String>} object.
 	 */
 	public static SortedMap<String, String> newTreeMap(Properties properties) {
 		SortedMap<String, String> map = Maps.newTreeMap();
 		for (String key : properties.stringPropertyNames()) {
 			map.put(key, properties.getProperty(key));
 		}
 		return map;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object that duplicates the properties passed in.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties duplicate(Properties properties) {
 		Properties newProperties = new Properties();
 		newProperties.putAll(properties);
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing environment variables as properties prefixed with <code>env</code>
 	 */
 	public static Properties getEnvAsProperties() {
 		return getEnvAsProperties(ENV_PREFIX);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object containing environment variables as properties prefixed with <code>prefix</code>
 	 */
 	public static Properties getEnvAsProperties(String prefix) {
 		Properties properties = convert(System.getenv());
 		return getPrefixedProperties(properties, prefix);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if, and only if, location ends with <code>.xml</code> (case insensitive).
 	 */
 	public static final boolean isXml(String location) {
 		return StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(location, XML_EXTENSION);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return true if, and only if, location ends with <code>rice-properties.xml</code> (case insensitive).
 	 */
 	public static final boolean isRiceProperties(String location) {
 		return StringUtils.endsWithIgnoreCase(location, Constants.RICE_PROPERTIES_SUFFIX);
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties loadRiceProps(File file) {
 		return RiceLoader.load(file);
 	}
 
 	public static final Properties loadRiceProps(String location) {
 		return RiceLoader.load(location);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>file</code> where the properties are stored in Rice XML style syntax
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated use loadRiceProps() instead
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static final Properties loadRiceProperties(File file) {
 		return loadRiceProperties(LocationUtils.getCanonicalPath(file));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code> where the properties are stored in Rice XML style syntax
 	 * 
 	 * @deprecated use loadRiceProps() instead
 	 */
 	@Deprecated
 	public static final Properties loadRiceProperties(String location) {
 		logger.info("Loading Rice properties [{}] encoding={}", location, DEFAULT_XML_ENCODING);
 		String contents = LocationUtils.toString(location, DEFAULT_XML_ENCODING);
 		String config = StringUtils.substringBetween(contents, "<config>", "</config>");
 		String[] tokens = StringUtils.substringsBetween(config, "<param", "<param");
 
 		Properties properties = new Properties();
 		for (String token : tokens) {
 			String key = StringUtils.substringBetween(token, "name=\"", "\">");
 			validateRiceProperties(token, key);
 			String value = StringUtils.substringBetween(token + "</param>", "\">", "</param>");
 			properties.setProperty(key, value);
 		}
 		return properties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Make sure they are just loading simple properties and are not using any of the unsupported "features". Can't have a key named config.location, and can't use the system,
 	 * override, or random attributes.
 	 */
 	protected static final void validateRiceProperties(String token, String key) {
 		if (StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("config.location", key)) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("config.location is not supported");
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.contains(token, "override=\"")) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("override attribute is not supported");
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.contains(token, "system=\"")) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("system attribute is not supported");
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.contains(token, "random=\"")) {
 			throw new IllegalArgumentException("random attribute is not supported");
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>file</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(File file) {
 		return load(file, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>file</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties loadSilently(File file) {
 		return loadSilently(LocationUtils.getCanonicalPath(file));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>file</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties loadSilently(String location) {
 		return load(location, null, PropertyFormat.NORMAL, true);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>file</code> using the given encoding.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(File file, String encoding) {
 		String location = LocationUtils.getCanonicalPath(file);
 		return load(location, encoding);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(String location) {
 		return load(location, null);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * If location exists, return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code>, otherwise return a new <code>Properties</code> object
 	 */
 	public static final Properties loadOrCreateSilently(String location) {
 		if (LocationUtils.exists(location)) {
 			return load(location, null, PropertyFormat.NORMAL, true);
 		} else {
 			return new Properties();
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>locations</code> using <code>encoding</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(List<String> locations, String encoding) {
 		Properties properties = new Properties();
 		for (String location : locations) {
 			properties.putAll(load(location, encoding));
 		}
 		return properties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code> using <code>encoding</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(String location, String encoding) {
 		return load(location, encoding, PropertyFormat.NORMAL);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code> using <code>encoding</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(String location, String encoding, PropertyFormat format) {
 		return load(location, encoding, format, false);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object loaded from <code>location</code> using <code>encoding</code>.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties load(String location, String encoding, PropertyFormat format, boolean silent) {
 		InputStream in = null;
 		Reader reader = null;
 		try {
 			Properties properties = new Properties();
 			boolean xml = isXml(location);
 			boolean riceProperties = isRiceProperties(location);
 			location = getCanonicalLocation(location);
 			if (PropertyFormat.RICE.equals(format) || riceProperties) {
 				properties = loadRiceProperties(location);
 			} else if (xml) {
 				in = LocationUtils.getInputStream(location);
 				if (!silent) {
 					logger.info("Loading XML properties - [{}]", location);
 				}
 				properties.loadFromXML(in);
 			} else {
 				if (!silent) {
 					logger.info("Loading properties - [{}] encoding={}", location, StringUtils.defaultIfBlank(encoding, DEFAULT_ENCODING));
 				}
 				reader = LocationUtils.getBufferedReader(location, encoding);
 				properties.load(reader);
 			}
 			return properties;
 		} catch (IOException e) {
 			throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected IO error", e);
 		} finally {
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
 			IOUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
 		}
 	}
 
 	protected static String getCanonicalLocation(String location) {
 		if (LocationUtils.isExistingFile(location)) {
 			return LocationUtils.getCanonicalPath(new File(location));
 		} else {
 			return location;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new <code>Properties</code> object containing properties prefixed with <code>prefix</code>. If <code>prefix</code> is blank, the new properties object duplicates
 	 * the properties passed in.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties getPrefixedProperties(Properties properties, String prefix) {
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(prefix)) {
 			return duplicate(properties);
 		}
 		Properties newProperties = new Properties();
 		for (String key : properties.stringPropertyNames()) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String newKey = StringUtils.startsWith(key, prefix + ".") ? key : prefix + "." + key;
 			newProperties.setProperty(newKey, value);
 		}
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Replace periods with an underscore and convert to uppercase
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 *   foo.bar -> FOO_BAR
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static final String convertToEnvironmentVariable(String key) {
 		return StringUtils.upperCase(StringUtils.replace(key, ".", "_"));
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Replace periods with an underscore, convert to uppercase, and prefix with <code>env</code>
 	 * 
 	 * <pre>
 	 *   foo.bar -> env.FOO_BAR
 	 * </pre>
 	 */
 	public static final String getEnvironmentVariableKey(String key) {
 		return ENV_PREFIX + "." + convertToEnvironmentVariable(key);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new properties object where the keys have been converted to upper case and periods have been replaced with an underscore.
 	 */
 	public static final Properties reformatKeysAsEnvVars(Properties properties) {
 		Properties newProperties = new Properties();
 		for (String key : properties.stringPropertyNames()) {
 			String value = properties.getProperty(key);
 			String newKey = convertToEnvironmentVariable(key);
 			newProperties.setProperty(newKey, value);
 		}
 		return newProperties;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Before setting the newValue, check to see if there is a conflict with an existing value. If there is no existing value, add the property. If there is a conflict, check
 	 * <code>propertyOverwriteMode</code> to make sure we have permission to override the value.
 	 */
 	public static final void addOrOverrideProperty(Properties properties, String key, String newValue, Mode propertyOverwriteMode) {
 		addOrOverrideProperty(properties, key, newValue, propertyOverwriteMode, 0);
 	}
 
 	public static final void addOrOverrideProperty(Properties properties, String key, String newValue, Mode overrideMode, int indent) {
 		String oldValue = properties.getProperty(key);
 		if (StringUtils.equals(newValue, oldValue)) {
 			// Nothing to do! New value is the same as old value.
 			return;
 		}
 		boolean overwrite = !StringUtils.isBlank(oldValue);
 
 		String logNewValue = newValue;
 		String logOldValue = oldValue;
 
 		// TODO Yuck! Do something smarter here
 		if (obscure(key)) {
 			logNewValue = "*********";
 			logOldValue = "*********";
 		}
 
 		if (overwrite) {
 			// This property already has a value, and it is different from the new value
 			// Check to make sure we are allowed to override the old value before doing so
 			Object[] args = new Object[] { StringUtils.repeat(" ", indent), key, Str.flatten(logNewValue), Str.flatten(logOldValue) };
 			ModeUtils.validate(overrideMode, "{}override [{}] -> [{}]", args, "Override of existing property [" + key + "] is not allowed.");
 		} else {
 			// There is no existing value for this key
 			logger.debug("Adding [{}={}]", key, Str.flatten(logNewValue));
 		}
 		properties.setProperty(key, newValue);
 	}
 
 	protected static boolean obscure(String key) {
 		if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(key, "password")) {
 			return true;
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(key, "secret")) {
 			return true;
 		}
 		if (StringUtils.containsIgnoreCase(key, "private")) {
 			return true;
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	private static final String getDefaultComment(String encoding, boolean xml) {
 		if (encoding == null) {
 			if (xml) {
 				// Java defaults XML properties files to UTF-8 if no encoding is provided
 				return "encoding.default=" + DEFAULT_XML_ENCODING;
 			} else {
 				// For normal properties files the platform default encoding is used
 				return "encoding.default=" + DEFAULT_ENCODING;
 			}
 		} else {
 			return "encoding.specified=" + encoding;
 		}
 	}
 
 	private static final String getComment(String encoding, String comment, boolean xml) {
 		if (StringUtils.isBlank(comment)) {
 			return getDefaultComment(encoding, xml);
 		} else {
 			return comment + "\n#" + getDefaultComment(encoding, xml);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * This is private because <code>SortedProperties</code> does not fully honor the contract for <code>Properties</code>
 	 */
 	private static final SortedProperties getSortedProperties(Properties properties) {
 		SortedProperties sp = new PropertyUtils().new SortedProperties();
 		sp.putAll(properties);
 		return sp;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * This is private since it does not honor the full contract for <code>Properties</code>. <code>PropertyUtils</code> uses it internally to store properties in sorted order.
 	 */
 	private class SortedProperties extends Properties {
 
 		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1330825236411537386L;
 
 		/**
 		 * <code>Properties.storeToXML()</code> uses <code>keySet()</code>
 		 */
 		@Override
 		public Set<Object> keySet() {
 			return Collections.unmodifiableSet(new TreeSet<Object>(super.keySet()));
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * <code>Properties.store()</code> uses <code>keys()</code>
 		 */
 		@Override
 		public synchronized Enumeration<Object> keys() {
 			return Collections.enumeration(new TreeSet<Object>(super.keySet()));
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Set properties in the given Properties to CSV versions of the lists in the ComparisonResults
 	 * 
 	 * @param properties
 	 *            the Properties to populate
 	 * @param listComparison
 	 *            the ComparisonResults to use for data
 	 * @param propertyNames
 	 *            the list of property keys to set. Exactly 3 names are required, and the assumed order is: index 0: key for the ADDED list index 1: key for the SAME list index 2:
 	 *            key for the DELETED list
 	 */
 	public static final void addListComparisonProperties(Properties properties, ComparisonResults listComparison, List<String> propertyNames) {
 		// make sure that there are three names in the list of property names
 		Assert.isTrue(propertyNames.size() == 3);
 
 		properties.setProperty(propertyNames.get(0), CollectionUtils.getCSV(listComparison.getAdded()));
 		properties.setProperty(propertyNames.get(1), CollectionUtils.getCSV(listComparison.getSame()));
 		properties.setProperty(propertyNames.get(2), CollectionUtils.getCSV(listComparison.getDeleted()));
 	}
 
 }